Dissertations / Theses: 'Aggressiveness' – Grafiati (2024)

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Consistency of aggressiveness within and between situations was examined using a repeated social challenge test (Resident Intruder Test) at various key stages during the lifetime of male and female growing (meat) pigs and a subset of female breeding pigs. Behaviour during mixing at weaning and as gilts was examined and information was collected about the way in which these animals behaved in a social context, including measures related to, but not directly correlated with aggression, such as social status. The effects of age/maturity and experience were also considered. To understand how aggression might integrate within personality the various social measures were compared with cortisol (as a physiological indicator of stress) an a challenging situation unrelated to social confrontation; maternal behaviour was chosen as it is commercially relevant and has important implications for the welfare of gilts and piglets. Pigs were consistent in their responses to the RIT, but there were differences between sexes. Aggressiveness was consistent over a long period of time in female pigs, even with a gap of 90 days between tests and the onset of puberty. Male pigs showed an unexpectedly high level of mounting behaviour from a young age, which increased with maturity. Experience of the RIT improved consistency of responses and age at first testing affected both the speed of attacking and occurrence of attacks; those pigs experiencing the test when younger were more likely to and quicker to attach. RIT aggressiveness was however, not predictive of subsequent aggressiveness at mixing. As with the RIT, there were clear sex-differences observed during mixing at weaning with males being more aggressive, more successful in fights, more likely to mount and less likely to play than females. Pigs employed different strategies during mixing, the extremes of which were categorised by high-play-low-aggressiveness and vice versa. As expected, aggressive individuals were involved in more fights and won more fights, but suffered more skin lesions than non-aggressive individuals. Pigs that engaged in high-playing were generally the least successful in fights, but suffered fewer lesions and had equal ultimate dominance rank to aggressive pigs. The structure of the mixes changes between weaning and puberty. Fighting ceased sooner during the gilt mix, but aggression was more frequent and more severe. Gilts that reacted aggressively to their piglets were more aggressive and successful in the mix and more ‘reactive’ during farrowing. There were other links between farrowing and mixing behaviour, such as more frequent posture changes but less frequent nesting with greater mix-aggressiveness; indicating that aggressiveness and maternal behaviour are linked through personality.

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In this thesis I investigated the relationship between fathers’ antisocial and physically aggressive behaviour and toddlers’ behaviour. Previous work has largely ignored fathers or seen fathers only as an influence on mothers and little is known about fathers’ aggressiveness. Families were recruited for the Cardiff Child Development Study (CCDS), which is a prospective longitudinal study of parents and their children. Parents were interviewed about their own behaviours during pregnancy and the children were assessed at intervals until 33 months of age (Chapter 2 describes the study design). Chapter 3 examined associations between the antisocial behaviour of the couple. Although men committed more antisocial behaviours than women, there were associations between partners’ rates of both violent and non-violent antisocial behaviours. The relationship between fathers’ antisocial behaviours and young children’s behaviour was explored in Chapter 4. Fathers’ non-violnt antisocial symptoms were associated with mothers’ reports of toddlers’ aggressiveness. Fathers’ physical aggressiveness was associated with infants’ contentious behaviours, toddlers’ aggressiveness and observations of toddlers’ use of force against a peer. When physical aggressiveness was considered more closely a component relating specifically to toddlers’ physical aggressiveness was identified. Fathers’ physical aggressiveness was associated with toddlers’ physical aggressiveness, which suggests a hom*otypic continuity in physical aggressiveness between fathers and toddlers. All of the associations between fathers’ and toddlers’ behaviours remained significant after controlling for the mothers’ behaviours. Thus, fathers’ behaviours provide unique contributions towards toddlers’ behaviours independently of the mothers’ behaviours. Since antisocial fathers are more likely to be absent fathers Chapter 5 examined the relationship between fathers’ physical aggressiveness and father absence. Although father absence was associated with fathers’ physical aggressiveness, it did not explain the association between fathers’ and toddlers’ physical aggressiveness. Together these findings show that fathers are important to study in their own right, rather than as an influence on mothers.

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Almost everyone experiences the desire for privacy occasionally. Achieving privacy, on the other hand, can be more difficult, especially when relational concerns are present. While the topic of privacy has received a good deal of attention in a variety of fields (e.g., communication, law, psychology, architecture, sociology), the impact of the act of seeking privacy has received little study. Privacy-seeking is often considered a selfish act, one that is likely to make the seeker feel guilty and the other affected parties rejected. The purpose of the present study is to examine the aggressiveness of various strategies that people use to gain privacy. In the present study, privacy-seekers described how they tried to achieve privacy in a particular situation, the reasons and motivations behind their actions, their perceptions of the situation and their own behavior, and the consequences of their actions. Results indicated that the use of moderate aggressiveness may be a superior strategy for achieving privacy with relational sensitivity, in comparison to aggressive or nonaggressive strategies. Aggressive strategies were seen as more dominant, less pleasant and less composed, and resulted in more negative relational consequences, than moderately aggressive strategies, while nonaggressive strategies were seen as less dominant, equally pleasant and composed, but less satisfying to use than moderately aggressive strategies. The relationship of the intruder (friend or stranger) also played a role in how participants sought privacy. However, no setting effects were found for perceptions of the environment or type of territory and use of aggressiveness.

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The role of analysts in corporate governance has been examined extensively in the accounting literature. Two conflicting representations of the influence of analysts have emerged. Analysts are either viewed as external monitors of corporate behavior, thereby reducing agency costs; or they are viewed as exerting additional pressure on management to meet earnings forecasts, which may contribute to aggressive corporate behavior. Studies exist that examine the impact of analyst coverage in a financial reporting context. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of analysts in the corporate tax reporting context. This dissertation examines the impact of analyst coverage on corporate tax aggressiveness using a cross-section of publicly traded firms between 1992 and 2006. Permanent discretionary book-tax differences are used to proxy for tax aggressiveness. The relation is examined using ordinary least squares regression as well as two-stage least squares regression using expected coverage and inclusion in the S&P 500 index as instrumented variables to account for the endogeneity of analyst coverage selections. Additional analyses investigate the impact of analyst characteristics: experience as an analyst, experience covering a specific firm and identification as a top analyst.Results indicate that analyst coverage is associated with lower levels of tax aggressiveness. This finding suggests that analysts serve as external monitors of corporate tax behavior. In addition, more experienced analysts are associated with lower levels of tax aggressiveness indicating an improvement in monitoring ability with experience. Analysts identified as All-American analysts by Institutional Investor magazine are associated with higher levels of tax aggressiveness. This result suggests that top analysts may view aggressive tax behavior as a wealth creation tool for firms.
Ph. D.

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Tax aggressiveness, as commonly proxied by the effective tax rate (ETR), measures a firm’s effort spent on minimizing its tax payments. It is suggested that more tax aggressive firms have greater incentives to allocate resources to minimize taxes and thus have lower ETRs. Corporate governance has been continuously receiving attention in literature across different fields and can affect a firm’s tax strategy through its control mechanism. This thesis investigates how corporate governance influences a firm’s tax aggressiveness. The main hypothesis of this thesis is whether firms with good corporate governance will have less incentives and opportunities to manage tax aggressively. Specifically, I take advantages of the distinct institutional settings in China to study whether the Chinese firm’s tax aggressiveness is affected by ownership structure and the characteristics of board of directors. Using all non-financial listed companies in the Chinese A-share market during 2003 and 2009 period, I find that firms with state-controlled nature and lower proportion of controlling shares pursue less aggressive tax strategies and maintain higher ETRs. In addition, my finding is consistent with prior literature that a higher percentage of the boards’ shareholdings and dual service duties performed by the board chairman result in lower ETRs. However, I do not find a significant relationship between the percentage of independent directors and tax aggressiveness which may suggest the ineffective role of independent directors in China.

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Tax aggressiveness generates significant cash savings and information asymmetry. Combining these two consequences of tax aggressiveness, I suggest that tax aggressiveness is associated with higher agency costs of free cash flows that affect investment decisions. Using the conditional investment efficiency model, I find evidence that tax aggressiveness is associated with more investments in firms with high access to investable funds, thus suggesting tax aggressiveness is associated with overinvestment. I also provide evidence that stronger tax monitoring and a change in tax disclosures mitigate the relation between tax aggressiveness and overinvestment. Lastly, I find that the overinvestment is associated with lower future abnormal returns. Thus, my results suggest that poor managerial investment decision making is an unintended consequence to tax aggressiveness. Additionally, I further the need for shareholders and board of directors to exert influence to avoid compensating managers for aggressive tax strategies.

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The N6-methyladenosine, also known as m6A, is the most common post-transcriptional modification in mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs and that profoundly influences mRNA biology, from early processing in the nucleus to final steps of translation and decay in the cytoplasm. Taking into consideration the importance of RNA in shaping cell fate, m6A is widely recognized as an additional layer in the regulation of gene expression, also thanks to its dynamic and reversible nature. Therefore, it is not surprising that any misregulation in m6A content might lead to the loss of cellular homeostasis. This effect is particularly evident when it comes to stem cells differentiation, embryo development and cancer. In a tumorigenic context, the m6A could affect the development, progression, cancer stem cells (CSCs) renewal and drug resistance of solid and liquid tumours. So, the m6A is consistently becoming a new attractive pharmacological target.Neuroblastoma (NB) is a neuroendocrine tumour of early childhood that derives from undifferentiated cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest. About 50% of patients have a very aggressive form of NB, with an overall survival rate of less than 30% despite heavy treatments. Moreover, NB is a challenging druggable tumour due to a low rate of somatic mutations. Somatic mutations at significant frequency have been identified in only five genes that also show detectable expression. Among these, only one is currently a directly validated druggable target.Two m6A regulators (METTL14 and ALKBH5) are aberrantly expressed in high-risk NB patients, and their alteration in NB cell lines affects tumour aggressiveness. Specifically, the overexpression of the methyltransferase METTL14 increases cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumour growth in mice acting as an oncogene, while ALKBH5 restoration affects cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion in an opposite fashion. Importantly, the demethylase ALKBH5 impaired tumour formation in vivo when costitutively expressed and dramatically slows down tumor progression in mice when is induced by causing massive apoptosis. These data suggest that ALKBH5 acts as a potent tumour suppressor in NB.We discovered that METTL14 and ALKBH5 exert their effect on different levels by affecting mRNA stability or translation, respectively. Although the contribution to NB of the altered stability of transcripts related to mRNA processing in METTL14-overexpressing cells is less understand, the increase translation of pro-apoptotic genes in the ALKBH5-overexpression condition leaves little doubts.Our results unveil the m6A and its regulators as potential therapeutic targets for treating NB. Indeed, in collaboration with the Laboratory of Genomic Screening of Professor Alessandro Provenzani, we presented an encouraging proof-of-concept of the reader YTHDF1 as a possible pharmacological target.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
A presente tese tem como tema uma investigação sobre a participação daagressividade e da cultura nos processos de subjetivação e do tornar-se pessoa.Em um primeiro momento buscou-se estabelecer a distinção entre agressividade eviolência no contexto da cultura, da teoria psicanalítica e na obra D.W. Winnicott.Em seguida efetuou-se um estudo sobre a teoria winnicottiana da agressividadeque procurou compreender a sua evolução situando-a em relação à três contextosteóricos distintos: o inicial, o da teoria do desenvolvimento emocional e o dosobjetos e fenômenos transicionais. Por fim, a partir do trabalho realizado pelaONG - Casa da Árvore, e dos conceitos de provisão ambiental, falha ambiental etendência anti-social, elaborou-se uma reflexão sobre as manifestações agressivase destrutivas, no âmbito de um dispositivo terapêutico que promove o atendimentocoletivo de crianças de 6 a 12 anos, na comunidade do Morro do ChapéuMangueira, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Defende-se a tese de que a promoção deuma política de atenção à infância resulta em um trabalho efetivo de prevençãoem saúde mental, principalmente, no tocante à prevenção da violência, dadelinqüência, dos distúrbios de conduta de caráter compulsivo e das doençaspsicóticas.
The present thesis has as subject an inquiry on the participation of theaggressiveness and the culture in the processes of becoming a person. At a firstmoment was established the distinction between aggressiveness and violence inthe context of the culture, the psychoanalysis theory and also considering the workof D.W. Winnicott. After that a study was done on the Winnicott´s theory of theaggressiveness that tries to understand its evolution pointing it out in relation tothe three theoretical contexts: the initial context, the context of the emotionaldevelopment theory and the context of the transicional objects and phenomena.Finally, from the experience of the non-governmental organization - Casa daÁrvore - , and from the concepts of environmental provision and fails and ofantisocial tendency, a reflection was elaborated on the manifestations ofa*ggressiveness development disturbs, in the scope of a therapeutic device thatpromotes the collective assistance to children from 6 to 12 years old, in thecommunity of the Morro do Chapéu Mangueira, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Wesupport that the promotion of politics of attention to childhood results in anextraordinary mental health prevention, mainly in regards to the prevention of theanti-social behavior and of the psychotic illnesses.

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Case Report: Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive tumor of B cells that can arise almost anywhere in the body. It is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. We report a case of double hit lymphoma, a rare subtype that has an abnormal MYC and BCL2 gene translocation and occurs in about 5% of DLBCLs. A 58-year-old male with a 15-year smoking history presented with abdominal pain accompanied by weight loss of 20 lbs, night sweats, poor appetite, and fatigue. CT angiogram showed posterior mediastinal mass 3.5x5.6x12.8 cm, massive lymphadenopathy in the retroperitoneum surrounding aorta 10.5x5.2x11cm and a large left upper quadrant mesenteric mass measuring 7.2x10.2x13.6 cm. Left abdominal mass was biopsied and pathology showed DLBCL. FISH showed double hit lymphoma. Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration was negative for involvement. LV EF was 61% per ECHO. Patient underwent PET/CT, which showed extensive adenopathy in the inferior neck, chest, and abdomen, as well as a retroperitoneal mass extending into T10-11 extradural space. International Prognostic Index (IPI) for DLBCL categorized the patient as having a poor prognosis and in the high-intermediate risk group with a 4 year overall survival of 55% and 4 year progression-free survival of 53%. The PET scan results showing multiple extranodal sites was a factor in calculating his prognosis. MRI T spine with contrast showed direct invasion of T9, 10, 11, and 12. Urgent chemotherapy was started with DA-R-EPOCH.Our case demonstrates how imaging predicts the aggressiveness of DLBCL biology. The PET scan is very important in determining the extent of disease and the stage to allow for risk stratification of patients with DLBCL.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Plant protection)) --University of Limpopo, 2013.
Studies were initiated to investigate (1) the aggressiveness of the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb) isolates from two provinces in South Africa (2 experiements ) and (2) the biotype of T. semipenetrans in South Africa. In the aggressive study, isolates from Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces were used on Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) and rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedling rootstocks under greenhouse conditions (18 experiements). Each seedling was inoculated with 0, 10 000, 20 000, 30 000 and 40 000 J2s of T. semipenetrans isolates, which were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with six replications. At 120 days, the reproductive factor of T. semipenetrans isolate from Mpumalanga Province was significantly higher than that from Limpopo Province. Similarly, due to its higher relative impact on the reproductive factor values, the Mpumalanga isolate reduced plant growth variables more than the Limpopo isolate. Consequently, the Mpumalanga isolate was viewed as being more aggressive than the Limpopo isolate, suggesting that there might be genetic variability and/or adaptation in populations from the two locations. A national study, comprising T. semipenetrans isolates from 18 citrus-producing district municipalities in South Africa was then initiated under greenhouse conditions using isolates from each district – for a total of 18 separate experiments. Three differential hosts, viz. rough lemon, P. trifoliata and olive (Olea europaea), served as treatments, arranged in a randomised complete block design, with 15 replications. Initially, an orchard was randomly selected in each of the six citrus-producing provinces, viz. Eastern Cape, KwaZulu Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West and Western Cape. Three-month old differential host seedlings were inoculated with approximately 10 000 J2s of T. semipenetrans and allowed to establish and grow under greenhouse conditions. At 120 days, penetration indices and standardised reproductive potentials/g roots demonstrated that T. semipenetrans failed to reproduce and develop on olive, but reproduced and developed on the other two hosts. Using T. semipenetrans biotype classification system, findings suggested that the biotype in citrus-producing district municipalities was Poncirus biotype. This biotype reproduces on P. trifoliata and hybrid rootstocks, which therefore, suggested that trifoliate orange and its hybrid rootstocks were not suitable for use in managing population nematode densities of T. semipenetrans in South Africa. In conclusion, results of this study demonstrated that the South African T. semipenetrans biotype was Poncirus, which suggested different management decisions and strategies for the citrus industry with regard to the management of this nematode.
By National Research Foundation, National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Land Bank Chair of Agriculture − University of Limpopo,

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This thesis examines the strategies of aggressiveness and deference employed by Arab interviewers when questioning government officials and public figures. Although broadcast interviews have recently gained popularity on news channels in the Arab world, to date there has been little research exploring this topic or even the format of interviews of this type in general. However, instead of analysing a sample of interviews broadcast on one single Arabic language channel, this study compares the interviewing practices adopted on two Arabic news channels, one independent. the other state-owned, which face different broadcasting restrictions. To ensure the academic rigour of this study, the thesis draws heavily on the principles of conversation analysis, focusing more closely on the format of the interviews than their content. The topics of turn-taking systems and use of aggressiveness in interviewer questions have both been explored by conversation analysts, but their case study material has mostly been taken from Angle-American media. Their substantial corpus of work forms a solid basis for this research, allowing it to compare the findings of this study with data produced from news interviews in a range of countries where different regulatory frameworks apply. Our findings prove that the independent channel interviewers are much more aggressive in their questioning than their counterparts on the state-owned channel. The former prove to be more enterprising when designing their questions, which exerts more pressure on guests, limiting their chances of avoiding the question agenda. However, a comparison of these findings with those relating to Anglo-American studies, revealed that participants in Arabic interviews interact within a more relaxed system that tends to be more conversational and informal, and the results clearly show that the questions posed on both Arab channels were markedly less aggressive and more deferential than the examples provided in the Anglo-American literature

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Ovarian cancer is one of the most deadly female malignancies. Despite advances in the treatment of ovarian cancer for the past decade, the cure rate of this disease is moderately improved. Emerging evidence suggests the molecular personalized therapeutic approach become popular for human cancer treatment. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway has been shown to play multiple roles in cancer progression such as anti-apoptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis and metastasis. This study attempted to characterize the functional roles of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-activating kinase 1 (TAK1) in the activation of NF-κB signaling. Importantly, this study provided evidence showing the significance of TAK1-NF-κB signaling axis in ovarian cancer aggressiveness during omental metastasis.Using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, TAK1 was frequently up-regulated and was significantly associated with high-grade (P=0.001), lymph node and distant metastasis (P=0.025), as well as a tendency toward advanced stage ovarian cancers (P=0.08). Functionally, enforced expression of TAK1 could augment cell proliferation, colony formation, anchorage-independent growth ability and migration/invasion in ovarian cancer cells. Conversely, repression of TAK1 expression by genetically or pharmaceutical approach abrogated these tumorigenic capacities including tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, co-treatment of (5Z) -7-Oxozeaenol could sensitize ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis, indicating TAK1 is also involved in chemoresistance. Mechanistically, using Western blotting and NF-κB -reporter luciferase analyses, the elevation of TAK1 phosphorylation at Ser412 but not Thr184/187 was found to associate with the activation of NF-κB in ovarian cancer cells solely. A series of functional studies with genetic and pharmaceutical alterations revealed that the increased TAK1 Ser412 phosphorylation was required for exerting the ovarian cancer cell oncogenesis. Omental metastasis is the common phenomenon observed in most of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Using omentum conditioned medium (OCM), the findings of this study showed that the omentum tissue was able to secrete numerous factors including chemokines such as GRO-α and IL8 in activating TAK1-NF-κB signaling cascade, which thereby induced increased oncogenic capacities in cell growth, migration and invasion. Taken together, this study suggests that TAK1-NF-κB signaling axis is indispensable for promoting oncogenesis of ovarian cancer and targeting this pathway may be a promising personalized cancer therapeutic approach in ovarian cancer.
published_or_final_version
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A presente tese tem como tema a agressividade da criança na contemporaneidade. Em um primeiro momento estudou-se como Winnicott conceitua e entende a agressividade. A partir deste aporte teórico, estudou-se o que Winnicott denomina de tendência anti-social e quais desdobramentos esse conceito traria para o entendimento da agressividade da criança na contemporaneidade. Em um terceiro momento, articulando o olhar winnicottiano e o cenário contemporâneo, estudou-se quais os aspectos contextuais que atualmente acarretam o aumento de comportamentos anti-sociais. A falência dos papéis parentais e o eclipse da infância são os aspectos apontados por esta tese. Postula-se que os comportamentos anti-sociais são estratégias de sobrevivência dessas crianças em um mundo com regras e limites fluidos. Defende-se que os atos anti-sociais são expressão da falência do pacto social, sendo estes, principalmente, uma tentativa de comunicação em um cenário de incomunicabilidade.
The present thesis examines child aggressiveness in contemporary society. Starting with Winnicott s conceptualization of aggression, it investigates a specific concept, the anti-social tendencies, and how it can be useful in our understanding about the children aggressiveness. This thesis investigates also some contextual aspects of contemporary society responsible for today s increase in antisocial behavior. Decline of parental roles and childhood eclipse are signed as some of these aspects. It is assumed that children s anti-social behaviors constitute survival strategies in a world with moving boundaries and unstable rules. The thesis argues that anti-social acts manifest a failure of the social pact, which in turn results in a failure of the primordial Oedipal pact. It also argues that antisocial acts are a communication in an incommunicable world.

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One of the most destructive pathogens of canola (Brassica napus L.) is Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & De Not., which causes blackleg disease. This fungus produces strains with different virulence profiles (pathogenicity groups, PG) which are defined using differential cultivars Westar, Quinta and Glacier. Besides this, little is known about other traits that characterize these groups. The objective of this study was to characterize the aggressiveness of L. maculans PG 2, 3, 4, and T. The components of aggressiveness evaluated were disease severity and ability to grow and sporulate in artificial medium. Disease severity was measured at different temperatures on seedlings of cv. Westar inoculated with pycnidiospores of 65 isolates. Highly significant (α=0.05) interactions were detected between colony age and isolates nested within PG’s. Warmer temperatures resulted in increased severity by all PG. These studies allowed the identification of aggressive isolates to be used for screen breeding lines for resistance.
Northern Canola Growers Association

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One of the most destructive pathogens of canola (Brassica napus L.) is Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & De Not., which causes blackleg disease. This fungus produces strains with different virulence profiles (pathogenicity groups, PG) which are defined using differential cultivars Westar, Quinta and Glacier. Besides this, little is known about other traits that characterize these groups. The objective of this study was to characterize the aggressiveness of L. maculans PG 2, 3, 4, and T. The components of aggressiveness evaluated were disease severity and ability to grow and sporulate in artificial medium. Disease severity was measured at different temperatures on seedlings of cv. Westar inoculated with pycnidiospores of 65 isolates. Highly significant (?=0.05) interactions were detected between colony age and isolates nested within PG?s. Warmer temperatures resulted in increased severity by all PG. These studies allowed the identification of aggressive isolates to be used for screen breeding lines for resistance.
Northern Canola Growers Association

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The footprint firms leave behind on this planet is widely discussed, and the topic of corporate social responsibility is constantly receiving additional attention. The gravity of working towards a more sustainable way of conducting business is illustrated by the incentivized tax system in various countries, where CSR can render tax deductions. It is widely debated if CSR and tax aggressiveness can live in symbiosis, and what relationship the two areas have. However, the literature investigating thisrelationship is scarce, which has left a research gap for the authors of this study to fill.This study does through a quantitative method investigate the relationship between CSR and tax aggressiveness of 3899 firms from 68 different countries, measuredat the end of 2018. By equivalating the level of social responsibility of a firm with the widely accepted ESG-score and the level of tax aggressiveness of a firm with the ETR-index created by the authors, the statistical testing of the relationship was enabled. Further, the control variables country, industry, leverage, beta, and size were included to account for variance in tax aggressiveness which is not captured by the ESG-score.To guide the authors through the establishment of hypothesis and statistical testing,a theoretical framework was established, concluding theories speaking for the implementation of tax aggressiveness, against it, and theories which reconciles the two contradicting views. The data was thereafter processed to investigate which statistical model to utilize. The robust OLS was found to be the best suited model, which was used to test the relationship between the aggregated ESG-score, as well as its components, relationship to the ETR-index.The statistical results in this study did not exhibit a significant relationship between the aggregated ESG-score, nor for the two components S and G, and the ETR-index. There is however a significant positive relationship between the E-score and the ETR-index, showing that environmentally friendly firms are less tax aggressive in general. This relationship could be explained by the stakeholder theory, which indicates that a firm's objective should be to maximize the value creation for all its stakeholders, as well as by the legitimacy theory, stating that firms seek to conduct proper business within socially constructed norms. Furthermore, the results show that tax aggressiveness depends on the country of headcounter, the industry, and the beta of a firm.

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This dissertation employs modern psychometric techniques to estimate the item characteristics of the Conditional Reasoning Test of Aggression (CRT-A) and three related subscales. Using a sample size of 5,511 respondents, this dissertation provides an accurate assessment of the capability of the CRT-A to measure latent aggression. Additionally, a differential item functioning analysis compares student and applied samples. Results suggest that 21 of the 22 CRT-A items work as intended for the measurement of aggression and all 22 of the CRT-A items are good indicators of their respective factor subscales. Information curves indicate that the CRT-A is best suited for use with individuals who are high on latent aggression.

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Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is a very aggressive neuroendocrine tumour of the lung, which demonstrates a 5 year survival of only 10% for extensive stage disease (20-30% for limited stage), with only modest improvement over the last few decades. Identification of new molecular diagnostic and therapeutic targets is thus imperative. Previous efforts in identifying molecular changes in SCLC by gene expression profiling using microarrays have facilitated disease classification but yielded very limited information on SCLC biology. Previous DNA studies have been successful in identifying several loci important to SCLC. However the low resolution of conventional chromosomal Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) has limited the findings to large chromosomal regions with only a few specific candidate genes discovered to date. Thus, to further understand the biological behaviour of SCLC, better methods for studying the genomic alterations in SCLC are necessary.This thesis highlights the development of array CGH technology for the high resolution dissection of aneuploidy in cancer genomes and the application of this new technology to the study of SCLC. I present the development of the first whole genome CGH array which offered unprecedented resolution in the profiling of cancer genomes allowing fine mapping of genes in a single experiment. Through application of DNA based analysis in conjunction with integrated expression analysis and comparison of SCLC to less aggressive non-small cell lung tumours I have identified novel patterns of pathway disruption specific to SCLC. This included alteration to Wnt pathway members and striking patterns of cell cycle activation through predominantly downstream disruption of signalling pathways including direct activation of the E2F transcription factors, which are normally repressed by the Rb gene.Analysis of targets of the E2F/Rb pathway identified EZH2 as being specifically hyper-activated in SCLC, compared to NSCLC. EZH2 is a polycomb group gene involved in the control of many cellular functions including targeted DNA methylation and escape from senescence in hematopoietic stem cells.Taken together these results suggest that in SCLC, downstream disruption may replace multiple upstream alterations leading to activation independent of a specific mitogenic pathway, and that EZH2 represents a potentially important therapeutic target.

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The purpose of this thesis is to find evidence about national-scale economic instability (especially reflected in the impacts of the financial crisis) being present also on a business level, namely in the form of corporate tax avoidance. A broad strand of literature copes with the topic of corporate tax avoidance. The research stems mostly from companies located in the United States. This thesis combines the approaches taken from US prior research with several cross-country comparisons in Europe in order to examine the influence of economic factors that are specific for each country on the level of corporate tax aggressiveness. The distinction between northern and southern European countries is of special importance in the empirical research of this thesis. This kind of cross-country comparison relating corporate tax avoidance with country-specific economic factors has not yet taken place.The two strands of literature are examined thoroughly and separately from each other, before they are logically combined in the model development: With a linear regression adopted partially from tax avoidance literature and partially from cross-country comparisons studies, the impact of economic factors like rule of law, the financial system, GDP growth rate, control for corruption and the location of the company regarding the cardinal direction on a tax avoidance proxy measuring tax avoidance aggressiveness is tested and explained. The data are distinguished according to prior and post financial crisis.The data are financial statement data taken from the World Bank Database, governance indicators taken from the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators research project, and further economic influence indicators taken from Eurostat statistics and KPMG. Company observations from eight countries, namely Finland, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands representing the northern European countries, and Spain, Greece, Italy and Portugal representing the southern European countries, are taken from the years 2005 through 2012. 2005 as the starting point is due to the mandatory IFRS adoption for listed firms in that year. The sample size used in the analyses totals 20,017 company observations from public firms.The main contribution to literature is that this is the first cross-country comparison across European countries relating to corporate tax avoidance. The evidence is weak but shows that companies in northern European countries tend to be more tax aggressive than in southern European countries, that companies in a market-based country tend to be more tax aggressive than in a bank-based country and that companies changed their behavior after the financial crisis, namely to less tax aggressiveness. The assumption that with an increasing rule of law in a country the companies are more tax aggressive is rejected, which might however be due to interdependencies between variables that the model does not account for. All in all it seems like a stable economy is positively correlated with tax avoidance aggressiveness, at least in post-financial crisis observations.

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Competitive bidding, where the project is awarded to the lowest bidder, is a basic part of the construction industry. This method of project delivery is designed to promote healthy competition in an attempt ensure the lowest price for the project. A contractor knows that lowering a bid price increases his probability of being awarded the project. However, without a clear understanding of the market in which he is competing, he can not know how low he should bid in order to win. One of the most important competitive forces in a competitive bidding market is the how low the contractors are willing bid, i.e., how aggressively they are pursuing the project. Contractors need a simple way to examine the level of aggressiveness in their market.

The purpose of this research is to develop a methodology to enable contractors to better understand this level of aggressiveness. The level of aggressiveness is quantified by the ratio of the low bid to the pack price, where the pack price is defined as the lower of the two bids that are closest together. The examination of two competitive bidding markets--the Virginia Department of Transportation market between 1996 and 1998 and the Tennessee Department of Transportation market from 1996 to 1998--tests the validity of the methodology. The methodology for estimating the level of aggressiveness in a competitive bidding market produces a set of success curves and charts, which can be used by contractors to optimize their competitive bid amounts for future projects.
Master of Science

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Thesis (BA(Hons) (Psychology)) - Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006.
"October 2006". Typescript. [A thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in Psychology (Honours), Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006.].

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碩士
國立中興大學
會計學研究所
103
Recently, the problem of “Food Safety” is happened in Taiwan frequently. Therefore, people in Taiwan today pay more attention about “Corporate Social Responsibility.”In the past, the only responsibility for Corporation is to try its best to earn profit as more as possible for shareholders. However the society aware that a corporate could be voluntary concerned for society and the environment and ingrate into the relevance of its business activities and shareholders. The ultimate goal of corporation is to achieve sustainability in business. So how to achieve a win-win between corporate profits and benefits to the society has become the subject for corporation right now.If the tax burden is seen by Corporate as the important cost and expense, it can increase the fund’s fluidity and enhance the investor and shareholder’s benefit from tax aggressive. On the other side, the Government would make losses on tax revenue if Corporate engage in tax aggressive,so it can’t obtain enough funds to sustain Public Constructions. Thus, the Corporate who try to engage in tax aggressive is considered as an unethical action in Society. A fair Tax payment becomes an issue of CSR.In our research, we select the sample from 2005 to 2014, which is award for CSR issued by Global Views Monthly, Common Wealth Magazine, BSCD-Taiwan, which exclude the industry of Securities Business, Finance, and Insurance, are used to test the relation between CSR and tax aggressive. We also use the Propensity Score Matching method to control the Corporate sample and use them to research the relation with tax aggressive. Our research use the Ordinary Least Square and Fixed Effect Model, and we find the evidence that the relationship between CSR and Effective Tax Rate is significantly positive, and CSR and MPBTD and DDBTD is significantly negative. Therefore, the evidence we find that the CSR corporates are less tax aggressive than Non-CSR corporates. CSR corporates will consider to stakeholders’ benefit, avoiding to do the unethical action. Therefore, CSR corporates pay fair tax to government and not to be tax aggressiveness, to fulfill it duty of Social Citizen.

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碩士
國立清華大學
計量財務金融學系
106
This study provides the evidence whether the limit order cancellations and revisions are associated with investors' trading strategies based on the unique order and transaction data of options and futures provided by Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX). We find that the dealers, who cancel or revise orders and concurrently submit the aggressive orders indeed have higher execution rate of their orders. However, in futures market for low liquidity contracts the higher execution rate has no improvement on their trading profits, which means they just tend to chase the market. We also find that the foreign institutional investors, which are considered as informed traders and make notable profits in Taiwan options and futures market, do also frequently cancel or revise orders. Our findings provide consistent viewpoint with previous studies that indicate the order cancellations and revisions are kinds of trading strategies.

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碩士
淡江大學
財務金融學系碩士班
106
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if investors’ aggressiveness can predict the futures price between market participants and fast traders. Based on Benoa and Sagde (2016), investors’ aggressiveness can be examined by observing their Demand and Supply toward Liquidity. To observe how different aggressiveness predict futures price, I have divided traders by their trading aggressiveness into three categories: Aggressive, Neutral and Passive. Furthermore, this study has divided market participants and fast traders into three categories: Foreign Institutions, Domestic Institutions and Retail, as well as discussed their abilities to predict the futures price.The result of the study reveals that Aggressive market participants have the negative capacity toward predicting futures price.The reason might be that Aggressive market participants are often considered noise traders. However, it shows that Aggressive fast traders have no effect on prediction of futures price. The reason might be that fast traders are full of informed traders and noise traders.The result of this study indicates that Neutral Foreign Institutions in the market and Neutral Foreign fast traders are able to predict futures price. Aggressive retails might be noise traders but Aggressive Retail fast traders might not.

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碩士
國立中興大學
會計學研究所
107
Because the tax expense for the enterprises will lead to the company resources outflow, which is a burden for the company,encourages enterprises to engage in tax aggressive activities, reduce the cost of tax and keep resources within the company, and improve operational efficiency.However, after considering the long-term business strategy, the family firm will additional considerations more for the activities of tax aggressive, the tax aggressive may affect the reputation of the company and cause the stock price fal and interests of the family.This study adds managerial ability as a adjustment item to further explore the relationship between family business manager''s ability and tax aggressive.This study use the listed firms as a research sample from 2010 to 2017. The empirical results show that there is a significant positive correlation between family and effective tax rate, indicating that family firm have less incentive to carry out tax aggressive activities after considering social emotional wealth.There is a consistent relationship between family shareholders and external shareholders. Managers'' ability and effective tax rate are significantly positively correlated. However, the manager''s ability and the effective tax rate in the family business are significantly negatively correlated, indicating that the higher the manager''s ability, will be more tax aggressive. It means that the higher the manager''s ability, the more effective the company''s resources can be used to carry out tax aggressive activities, satisfying their own interests and resulting in benefits. The act of encroachment arises. Ultimately, high-ability family business managers may be motivated by family firm to engage in aggressive tax aggressive activities based on self-interested motivations.

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碩士
國立東華大學
會計與財務碩士學位學程
105
This paper mainly examines the relationship between institutional investors and tax aggressiveness by using a sample of Taiwanese listed firms from 2000-2015, the required data from the Database of the Taiwan Economic Journal (for financial accounting information), and the industrial sustainable development clearinghouse on-line platform (for CSR information). The result shows that firms with more institutional investors are more tax aggressive; then, institutional investors are divided into two categories: domestic institutional investors and foreign institutional investors. The result finds that firms with relatively higher levels of foreign institutional investors are tax aggressive. Finally, this paper examines whether the relationship between institutional investors and tax aggressiveness is moderated by CSR. The results show that moderators are negatively significant to tax aggressiveness in some situations. Overall, the results of this paper find that institutional investors prefer that firms engage in more tax aggressive behavior to increase firm value, especially foreign institutional investors.

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博士
國立中正大學
會計與資訊科技研究所
102
The increase in tax gap shows that tax aggressiveness is on the rise and among the most significant enforcement problems. This paper aims to explore whether corporations, when facing the distinct financial environment in different life cycle stages, will adopt a different level of tax aggressiveness. This paper builds the regression model to verify the hypothesis. The empirical results indicate that corporations in different life cycle stages will adopt a different level of tax aggressiveness. Profitability, company size and book-tax difference of previous year are the three factors to affect corporate tax aggressiveness behavior significantly in every life cycle stage. The results show that the reduction of the profit-seeking enterprise income tax rate will change the level of corporate tax aggressiveness.The study complements and extends the recent literature that links tax aggressiveness with the corporate life cycle. This paper provides some explanations for why some firms do not engage in tax aggressiveness. This is the first study to discuss the relation between tax aggressiveness and the corporate life cycle, which adds the exploration to the recent stream of research on the determinants of corporate tax aggressiveness. Practically, various stakeholders, such as investors, managers, lenders, and creditors, can employ the research to analyze and assess tax aggressiveness of corporations.

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D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)
Assertiveness, a specific social skill is traced back to its roots in Salter's 1949 Pavlovian model. The impression is gained that the growing interest in assertiveness may be a reaction to the post-Sputnik era of increasing violence and acts of terrorism. In South Africa assertiveness training has particular relevance, as a state of emergency was -declared by the State President in the middle of 1985. It is fitting that assertiveness training be done with black adolescents as in the African communities there is concern about the estrangement of parents and their children which has contributed to the school unrest that has had such wide repercussions. An empirical study of 32 matched pairs of black South African pupils in their 11th year of schooling was undertaken in 1985 following a pilot study in 1984. The experimental groups were given assertiveness training while the control groups were engaged in other activities. The hypotheses examined were that if aggressive and submissive South African black adolescents were exposed to assertiveness training their levels of aggression and submission would be reduced, assertiveness would be increased, anxiety would be reduced and self-esteem enhanced. Evidence is adduced to indicate partial support for the hypotheses and this is discussed.

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碩士
國立中央大學
會計研究所
101
The purpose of this research is to explore whether client firm’s tax aggressiveness leads its auditor to charge higher fees. We expect that when a client firm exposes to higher tax risk, its auditor will charge more audit fees due to the resulting higher audit costs and unanticipated risks. Our sample covers 2008-2011 all A-share firms listed on the Shanghai stock exchange. We follow Simunic’s (1980) audit pricing model and add five additional tax avoidance variables, including cash effective tax rate, book effective tax rate, four-year cumulative cash effective tax rate, book-tax difference, and residual book-tax difference. We find that higher level of the client firm’s tax avoidance leads its auditor to incur higher costs and risks and thus causes auditor to charge higher fees.

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My diploma thesis is focused on reactive aggressiveness of children at primary schools with the view of their teachers. The theoretical part focuses on aggressive, decisive and aggressive behavior. The diploma thesis tries to observe how teachers face aggressive activity in practice. The research part deals with the analysis of data on the above results, through a questionnaire survey.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
會計系
102
There are competing arguments and mixed prior evidence on whether firms that are aggressive in their financial reporting exhibit more or less tax aggressiveness. Our research contributes to resolving this issue by examining the association between aggressive tax reporting and accounting fraud. proxies for tax aggressiveness to our evidence, we generally find that tax aggressive ROC publicly traded company are less likely to commit accounting fraud. However, we caution that our results are sensitive to how tax aggressiveness is measured. In this paper, the use of "News Archive" to collect in corporate fraud cases between 2008-2013 as the research sample. In matching mode, the use of Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon Test and analysis Logistic regression. Effective tax rates load positively in multivariate results, implying that fraud firms are less tax aggressiveness. Book-tax differences load negatively in Additional analysis also support the conclusion, find that tax aggressive firms are less apt to fraudulently manipulate their financial statements.

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